The employer’s aim is to know whether the applicant can be of service to his company, and the applicant’s aim is to be find out whether the job being offered by the company can be suitable to him.
An interview is a means of two-way communication.
Some basic techniques of interview:
Screening: Since the number of applications for any job is very large, several firms screen the applications to weed out unsuitable candidates.
Random Appearance: Some interviewers still believe that the man is more important than the application. They want to judge a man by his personal appearance rather than the basis of his application. So they call every applicant for interview.
Tests: These days a number of firms resort to tests, written or oral, designed to judge the candidates’ intelligence, GK, proficiency in language, etc.
Experience: Some employers believe that practical experience is more important than paper qualifications.
Under-stress interview: This is a special technique to ascertain how a candidate will acquit himself under conditions of exceptional stress and strain.
Objectives of the interviewer.
To find out the most suitable candidate for the job.
To give the candidates sufficient information about the job and the company so that they can decide whether the job will suit them.
To create a sense of confidence and understanding in the selected candidate.
To promote the goodwill of the company by giving the right kind of impression to all the candidates whether or not they are to be selected.
Preparations of the interviewer.
Be clear about company profile and job requirements.
Send interview letters well in advance.
Make candidates comfortable.
Interview in a congenial and interruption-free atmosphere.
Candidate’s bio-data with each member of the committee.
Questions according to a set procedure.
How to conduct the interview?
Welcome the candidate exactly in the same way you would welcome a friend. Give him a warm smile and hold some small talk to usher his shyness and fear.
During the interview ask him questions to find out: his ability to do the job, his willingness to do it, ability to get along with others, trustworthiness, previous experience, and any other relevant questions.
Give your entire attention to the interviewee and respond by encouraging facial expressions, movement and expression of the eyes and nod of the head.
At all times accept what the applicant says. Respect his feelings. Never frown, show surprise, or show disapproval.
Never argue. Use informal and plain language.
Preparation of interviewee for the interview
Know yourself: Before you apply for a job, be sure that you know why you are applying for it and whether it will suit you.
Know the company: It is better to find out as much as about the company in which you are seeking a job, its activities, its growth over the years, its future prospects, etc.,
Prepare for the questions: Anticipate the questions that you will probably be asked and prepare answers to them. You will be asked questions about your interests, hobbies, achievements, prospects, relationship with your friends, and leadership qualities, etc., Don’t lie.
Prepare the questions that you would like to ask: If the interviewer doesn’t offer you full information about the company and the job, you can ask questions to gain the information. These questions might relate to formal training, promotional avenues, fringe benefits, etc.,
Arriving for the interview:
Dress appropriately: You should be suitably dressed for the occasion. Your clothes as well as general appearance should be neat. Fingernails should be clean, shoes polished, and hairstyle appropriate.
Take with you your certificates: If the interview letter mentions some certificates and other documents, do not forget to take them with you.
Arrive for the interview in time: Try to arrive at the place of interview half an hour before the scheduled time. This will give you enough time to relax and prepare yourself for the interview.
Present yourself: Don’t be nervous and agitated during the interview. Be cool and calm. Give very relevant answers to the questions. Do not try to make an exhibition of your knowledge. Be positive in your attitude. When the interview is over, do not forget to thank the interviewer.
Wednesday, February 24, 2010
Written and Spoken Language
Written and Spoken Language
When individual languages have a written as well as a spoken form, it is often the case that the writing system does not represent all the distinctive sounds of the language. The writing system of one language may make use of symbols from the writing system of another language, applying them to sounds, syllables, or morphemes for which they were not originally intended. Written and spoken forms of the same language can be compared by studying the “fit” between the writing system and the spoken language.
Many kinds of writing systems exist. In Chinese, a written character is used for every morpheme. The written form of the Cherokee language has a symbol for every consonant-and-vowel syllable. Japanese is also written with such a system, which is called a syllabary. In writing systems using an alphabet, such as the Latin alphabet, each symbol theoretically stands for a sound in the spoken language. The Latin alphabet has 26 letters, and languages written with it generally use all 26, whether their spoken form has more or fewer sounds. Although it is used for written English, the Latin alphabet does not have symbols for all the sounds of English. For example, for some sounds, combinations of two letters (digraphs), such as th, are used. Even so, the combination th does not indicate the spoken distinction between th in “thin” and th in “this”.
The written form of a language is static, unchanging, reflecting the form of the language at the time the alphabet, syllabary, or character system was adopted. The spoken form is dynamic, always changing; eventually, the written and spoken forms may no longer coincide. One of the problems with the English written language is that it still represents the pronunciation of the language several centuries ago. The word light, for example, is today pronounced “lite”; the spelling “light” reflects the former pronunciation. In languages with writing systems that have been recently developed (such as Swahili) or reformed (such as Hebrew), the written and spoken forms are more likely to fit.
Unlike speech, writing may ignore pitch and stress, omit vowels, or include punctuation and capitalization. The written and spoken forms of a language also differ in that writing does not incorporate spoken dialect differences. Speakers of mutually unintelligible Chinese languages or dialects, for example, can read one another's writing even though they cannot communicate through speech. Similarly, speakers of the different German dialects all write in High German, the accepted standard form of the language.
The written form of a language may have more prestige than the spoken form, and it also may have a more complex grammar and a distinctive vocabulary. A standard written literary language thus tends to influence the speech of educated people. In certain circumstances they will try to imitate it when they talk, and they may relegate the unwritten form to situations where prestige is less important. In Arabic-speaking countries, for example, educated people sometimes use classical Arabic in speech as well as in writing, whereas uneducated people speak only colloquial Arabic. The use of two such varieties of a single language by the same speaker in different situations is called diglossia. People who use the spoken form of a standard literary dialect in public and their native regional dialect when they are with friends (as do many German-speaking Swiss) are said to be diglossic.
A standard language is that one of the language's dialects that has become dominant. Often, such dominance is due to governmental policy whereby one dialect is given prestige over others, and various regulations or customs ensure that it is used. A standard variety is not in any way inherently superior to other dialects and is, itself, just another dialect with its own individual grammar, vocabulary, and accent (while the standard can—and is—spoken in many accents, there is usually one accent that is held as more prestigious than others, as in Received Pronunciation in the UK). The standard language (such as High German) is frequently the dialect used in writing; that is, it is the literary language of a speech community, or at least a dialect that has an existing orthography and a body of material written in it.
Few people actually speak such a standard language; rather, they approximate it with their own regional variations. The standard dialect is the one that is used when a language is taught to nonnative speakers; the learners then speak it, but do so with an accent, or variation carried over from their first language and region. The standard language also provides a common means of communication among speakers of regional dialects (as in the examples given above for German). Standard languages are thus highly useful in efforts to unite people and create a sense of national spirit.
When individual languages have a written as well as a spoken form, it is often the case that the writing system does not represent all the distinctive sounds of the language. The writing system of one language may make use of symbols from the writing system of another language, applying them to sounds, syllables, or morphemes for which they were not originally intended. Written and spoken forms of the same language can be compared by studying the “fit” between the writing system and the spoken language.
Many kinds of writing systems exist. In Chinese, a written character is used for every morpheme. The written form of the Cherokee language has a symbol for every consonant-and-vowel syllable. Japanese is also written with such a system, which is called a syllabary. In writing systems using an alphabet, such as the Latin alphabet, each symbol theoretically stands for a sound in the spoken language. The Latin alphabet has 26 letters, and languages written with it generally use all 26, whether their spoken form has more or fewer sounds. Although it is used for written English, the Latin alphabet does not have symbols for all the sounds of English. For example, for some sounds, combinations of two letters (digraphs), such as th, are used. Even so, the combination th does not indicate the spoken distinction between th in “thin” and th in “this”.
The written form of a language is static, unchanging, reflecting the form of the language at the time the alphabet, syllabary, or character system was adopted. The spoken form is dynamic, always changing; eventually, the written and spoken forms may no longer coincide. One of the problems with the English written language is that it still represents the pronunciation of the language several centuries ago. The word light, for example, is today pronounced “lite”; the spelling “light” reflects the former pronunciation. In languages with writing systems that have been recently developed (such as Swahili) or reformed (such as Hebrew), the written and spoken forms are more likely to fit.
Unlike speech, writing may ignore pitch and stress, omit vowels, or include punctuation and capitalization. The written and spoken forms of a language also differ in that writing does not incorporate spoken dialect differences. Speakers of mutually unintelligible Chinese languages or dialects, for example, can read one another's writing even though they cannot communicate through speech. Similarly, speakers of the different German dialects all write in High German, the accepted standard form of the language.
The written form of a language may have more prestige than the spoken form, and it also may have a more complex grammar and a distinctive vocabulary. A standard written literary language thus tends to influence the speech of educated people. In certain circumstances they will try to imitate it when they talk, and they may relegate the unwritten form to situations where prestige is less important. In Arabic-speaking countries, for example, educated people sometimes use classical Arabic in speech as well as in writing, whereas uneducated people speak only colloquial Arabic. The use of two such varieties of a single language by the same speaker in different situations is called diglossia. People who use the spoken form of a standard literary dialect in public and their native regional dialect when they are with friends (as do many German-speaking Swiss) are said to be diglossic.
A standard language is that one of the language's dialects that has become dominant. Often, such dominance is due to governmental policy whereby one dialect is given prestige over others, and various regulations or customs ensure that it is used. A standard variety is not in any way inherently superior to other dialects and is, itself, just another dialect with its own individual grammar, vocabulary, and accent (while the standard can—and is—spoken in many accents, there is usually one accent that is held as more prestigious than others, as in Received Pronunciation in the UK). The standard language (such as High German) is frequently the dialect used in writing; that is, it is the literary language of a speech community, or at least a dialect that has an existing orthography and a body of material written in it.
Few people actually speak such a standard language; rather, they approximate it with their own regional variations. The standard dialect is the one that is used when a language is taught to nonnative speakers; the learners then speak it, but do so with an accent, or variation carried over from their first language and region. The standard language also provides a common means of communication among speakers of regional dialects (as in the examples given above for German). Standard languages are thus highly useful in efforts to unite people and create a sense of national spirit.
Top 100 words for GRE And TOEFL:
Top 100 words for GRE And TOEFL
Abyss: hole so deep as to appear bottomless
Acquiesce: agree, accept without protest
Affable: polite and friendly, easy to talk to
Affliction: distress, suffering
Affluent: wealthy, abundant
Agitate: move, shake, stir up
Ambiguous: having more then one meaning
Annex: take possession of
Aqueous: of or like water
Arduous: demanding great effort, strenuous
Aroma: quality or surrounding atmosphere considered typical
Atone: make repayment
Avarice: greed
Bellicose: inclined to fighting
Calisthenics: exercises to develop strong bodies
Captor: person who takes smb captive
Concoct: invent, prepare by mixing together
Dangle: hand or swing loosely
Deprive: take away from, prevent from using
Diligent: hard-working
Disrobe: undress
Docile: easily trained or controlled
Doleful: dismal, mournful
Drought: a long period of dry weather
Dubious: feeling doubt
Dumbfound: astonish
Efface: rub or wipe out, obliterate
Elucidate to make understandable
Enchant charm, delight
endeavor to make an effort, to try very hard
endorse approve, support a claim or statement
enthral take the whole attention, enslave
exploit to use for selfish advantage or profit
extensive far-reaching
extol to praise highly
flimsy lacking solidarity, strength
fraud a fault, a deception
gaudy too bright and showy
ghastly death-like, pale and ill
grumble to complain
harass worry, trouble
heretic very busy; active
impediment smth that hinders (esp in speech)
indigenous native
insatiate never satisfied
intrepid fearless
irate angry
jeopardy danger
leash control
loafer an idle, lazy person
lucrative profitable
lustrous bright; shining
malign to slander
meddle to interfere, to intrude
mend to repair
mirth being merry and happy
nausea feeling of sickness
neglect pay no attention to
nocturnal of or in the night
obese very fat
obsolete no longer useful, outdated
perch take up a high position
pervade spread through every part of
petulant unreasonably impatient or irritable
pillage plunder (esp in war)
presumptuous too bold or self-confident
quashed annuled
quenching satisfy, put an end to, put out
refurbished make clean, as if like new
rejoicing happiness, joy
reticent in the habit of saying little
reverberate be sent back, again and again
rigor sternness, strictness, severe conditions
rotundity state of being round
salvage the saving of property from loss
scattered not situated together
shatter to break into many pieces
shunned avoided, kept away from
sketchy shortly, roughly, quickly
sporadic happening from time to time
stifled suppressed, kept back
strive to make great efforts, to struggle
subsequent following
succumb yield, die
taciturn unspoken, silent
tantalize raise hopes that cannot be realized
tentative uncertain, probable
torpid dull and slow
treacherous not to be trusted, perfidious
tremor thrill
tyro a beginner
uproar noise and excitement
vanity a foolish pride
vehemence forcefulness; intensity; conviction
vigilance watchfulness
vindicate prove the truth
voluptuous arousing sensual pleasures
wan looking ill, not bright
wile a trick
wrinkle make small lines (eg forehead)
Abyss: hole so deep as to appear bottomless
Acquiesce: agree, accept without protest
Affable: polite and friendly, easy to talk to
Affliction: distress, suffering
Affluent: wealthy, abundant
Agitate: move, shake, stir up
Ambiguous: having more then one meaning
Annex: take possession of
Aqueous: of or like water
Arduous: demanding great effort, strenuous
Aroma: quality or surrounding atmosphere considered typical
Atone: make repayment
Avarice: greed
Bellicose: inclined to fighting
Calisthenics: exercises to develop strong bodies
Captor: person who takes smb captive
Concoct: invent, prepare by mixing together
Dangle: hand or swing loosely
Deprive: take away from, prevent from using
Diligent: hard-working
Disrobe: undress
Docile: easily trained or controlled
Doleful: dismal, mournful
Drought: a long period of dry weather
Dubious: feeling doubt
Dumbfound: astonish
Efface: rub or wipe out, obliterate
Elucidate to make understandable
Enchant charm, delight
endeavor to make an effort, to try very hard
endorse approve, support a claim or statement
enthral take the whole attention, enslave
exploit to use for selfish advantage or profit
extensive far-reaching
extol to praise highly
flimsy lacking solidarity, strength
fraud a fault, a deception
gaudy too bright and showy
ghastly death-like, pale and ill
grumble to complain
harass worry, trouble
heretic very busy; active
impediment smth that hinders (esp in speech)
indigenous native
insatiate never satisfied
intrepid fearless
irate angry
jeopardy danger
leash control
loafer an idle, lazy person
lucrative profitable
lustrous bright; shining
malign to slander
meddle to interfere, to intrude
mend to repair
mirth being merry and happy
nausea feeling of sickness
neglect pay no attention to
nocturnal of or in the night
obese very fat
obsolete no longer useful, outdated
perch take up a high position
pervade spread through every part of
petulant unreasonably impatient or irritable
pillage plunder (esp in war)
presumptuous too bold or self-confident
quashed annuled
quenching satisfy, put an end to, put out
refurbished make clean, as if like new
rejoicing happiness, joy
reticent in the habit of saying little
reverberate be sent back, again and again
rigor sternness, strictness, severe conditions
rotundity state of being round
salvage the saving of property from loss
scattered not situated together
shatter to break into many pieces
shunned avoided, kept away from
sketchy shortly, roughly, quickly
sporadic happening from time to time
stifled suppressed, kept back
strive to make great efforts, to struggle
subsequent following
succumb yield, die
taciturn unspoken, silent
tantalize raise hopes that cannot be realized
tentative uncertain, probable
torpid dull and slow
treacherous not to be trusted, perfidious
tremor thrill
tyro a beginner
uproar noise and excitement
vanity a foolish pride
vehemence forcefulness; intensity; conviction
vigilance watchfulness
vindicate prove the truth
voluptuous arousing sensual pleasures
wan looking ill, not bright
wile a trick
wrinkle make small lines (eg forehead)
PCS Sample Paper TEST1
PCS Sample Paper
Q. A man leaves office daily at 7pm A driver with car comes from his home to pick him from office and bring back home
One day he gets free at 5:30 and instead of waiting for driver he starts walking towards home.
In the way he meets the car and returns home on car He reaches home 20 minutes earlier than usual.
In how much time does the man reach home usually??
Ans. 1hr 20min
Q The following truth table is given What is Y equal to?? Freshers world.com
A B C Y
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
Ans. (A')(B')(AB) , where ' stands for complement.
Q. A works thrice as much as B. If A takes 60 days less than B to do a work then find the number of days it would take to complete the work if both work together?
Ans. 22½days
Q. How many 1's are there in the binary form of 8*1024 + 3*64 + 3 Freshersworld.com
Ans. 4
Q. A boy has Rs 2. He wins or loses Re 1 at a time If he wins he gets Re 1 and if he loses the game he loses Re 1.
He can loose only 5 times. He is out of the game if he earns Rs 5.
Find the number of ways in which this is possible?
Ans. 16
Q. If there are 1024*1280 pixels on a screen and each pixel can have around 16 million colors Freshersworld.com
Find the memory required for this?
Ans. 4MB
Q. On a particular day A and B decide that they would either speak the truth or will lie.
C asks A whether he is speaking truth or lying?
He answers and B listens to what he said. C then asks B what A has said B says "A says that he is a liar"
What is B speaking ?
(a) Truth
(b) Lie
(c) Truth when A lies
(d) Cannot be determined
Ans. (b)
Q. What is the angle between the two hands of a clock when time is 8:30
Ans. 75(approx)
Q. A man shows his friend a woman sitting in a park and says that she the daughter of my grandmother's only son.
What is the relation between the two
Ans. Daughter
Q. A man leaves office daily at 7pm A driver with car comes from his home to pick him from office and bring back home
One day he gets free at 5:30 and instead of waiting for driver he starts walking towards home.
In the way he meets the car and returns home on car He reaches home 20 minutes earlier than usual.
In how much time does the man reach home usually??
Ans. 1hr 20min
Q The following truth table is given What is Y equal to?? Freshers world.com
A B C Y
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
Ans. (A')(B')(AB) , where ' stands for complement.
Q. A works thrice as much as B. If A takes 60 days less than B to do a work then find the number of days it would take to complete the work if both work together?
Ans. 22½days
Q. How many 1's are there in the binary form of 8*1024 + 3*64 + 3 Freshersworld.com
Ans. 4
Q. A boy has Rs 2. He wins or loses Re 1 at a time If he wins he gets Re 1 and if he loses the game he loses Re 1.
He can loose only 5 times. He is out of the game if he earns Rs 5.
Find the number of ways in which this is possible?
Ans. 16
Q. If there are 1024*1280 pixels on a screen and each pixel can have around 16 million colors Freshersworld.com
Find the memory required for this?
Ans. 4MB
Q. On a particular day A and B decide that they would either speak the truth or will lie.
C asks A whether he is speaking truth or lying?
He answers and B listens to what he said. C then asks B what A has said B says "A says that he is a liar"
What is B speaking ?
(a) Truth
(b) Lie
(c) Truth when A lies
(d) Cannot be determined
Ans. (b)
Q. What is the angle between the two hands of a clock when time is 8:30
Ans. 75(approx)
Q. A man shows his friend a woman sitting in a park and says that she the daughter of my grandmother's only son.
What is the relation between the two
Ans. Daughter
PCS SAMPLE PAPERS
PCS Sample Paper
Q. A man leaves office daily at 7pm A driver with car comes from his home to pick him from office and bring back home
One day he gets free at 5:30 and instead of waiting for driver he starts walking towards home.
In the way he meets the car and returns home on car He reaches home 20 minutes earlier than usual.
In how much time does the man reach home usually??
Ans. 1hr 20min
Q The following truth table is given What is Y equal to?? Freshers world.com
A B C Y
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
Ans. (A')(B')(AB) , where ' stands for complement.
Q. A works thrice as much as B. If A takes 60 days less than B to do a work then find the number of days it would take to complete the work if both work together?
Ans. 22½days
Q. How many 1's are there in the binary form of 8*1024 + 3*64 + 3 Freshersworld.com
Ans. 4
Q. In a digital circuit which was to implement (A B) + (A)XOR(B), the designer implements (A B) (A)XOR(B)
What is the probability of error in it ?
Q. A boy has Rs 2. He wins or loses Re 1 at a time If he wins he gets Re 1 and if he loses the game he loses Re 1.
He can loose only 5 times. He is out of the game if he earns Rs 5.
Find the number of ways in which this is possible?
Ans. 16
Q. If there are 1024*1280 pixels on a screen and each pixel can have around 16 million colors Freshersworld.com
Find the memory required for this?
Ans. 4MB
Q. On a particular day A and B decide that they would either speak the truth or will lie.
C asks A whether he is speaking truth or lying?
He answers and B listens to what he said. C then asks B what A has said B says "A says that he is a liar"
What is B speaking ?
(a) Truth
(b) Lie
(c) Truth when A lies
(d) Cannot be determined
Ans. (b)
Q. What is the angle between the two hands of a clock when time is 8:30 Freshersworld.com
Ans. 75(approx)
Q. A student is ranked 13th from right and 8th from left. How many students are there in totality ?
Q. A man walks east and turns right and then from there to his left and then 45degrees to
his right.In which direction did he go
Ans. North west
Q. A student gets 70% in one subject, 80% in the other. To get an overall of 75% how much should get in third subject.
Q. A man shows his friend a woman sitting in a park and says that she the daughter of my grandmother's only son.
What is the relation between the two
Q. A man leaves office daily at 7pm A driver with car comes from his home to pick him from office and bring back home
One day he gets free at 5:30 and instead of waiting for driver he starts walking towards home.
In the way he meets the car and returns home on car He reaches home 20 minutes earlier than usual.
In how much time does the man reach home usually??
Ans. 1hr 20min
Q The following truth table is given What is Y equal to?? Freshers world.com
A B C Y
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
Ans. (A')(B')(AB) , where ' stands for complement.
Q. A works thrice as much as B. If A takes 60 days less than B to do a work then find the number of days it would take to complete the work if both work together?
Ans. 22½days
Q. How many 1's are there in the binary form of 8*1024 + 3*64 + 3 Freshersworld.com
Ans. 4
Q. In a digital circuit which was to implement (A B) + (A)XOR(B), the designer implements (A B) (A)XOR(B)
What is the probability of error in it ?
Q. A boy has Rs 2. He wins or loses Re 1 at a time If he wins he gets Re 1 and if he loses the game he loses Re 1.
He can loose only 5 times. He is out of the game if he earns Rs 5.
Find the number of ways in which this is possible?
Ans. 16
Q. If there are 1024*1280 pixels on a screen and each pixel can have around 16 million colors Freshersworld.com
Find the memory required for this?
Ans. 4MB
Q. On a particular day A and B decide that they would either speak the truth or will lie.
C asks A whether he is speaking truth or lying?
He answers and B listens to what he said. C then asks B what A has said B says "A says that he is a liar"
What is B speaking ?
(a) Truth
(b) Lie
(c) Truth when A lies
(d) Cannot be determined
Ans. (b)
Q. What is the angle between the two hands of a clock when time is 8:30 Freshersworld.com
Ans. 75(approx)
Q. A student is ranked 13th from right and 8th from left. How many students are there in totality ?
Q. A man walks east and turns right and then from there to his left and then 45degrees to
his right.In which direction did he go
Ans. North west
Q. A student gets 70% in one subject, 80% in the other. To get an overall of 75% how much should get in third subject.
Q. A man shows his friend a woman sitting in a park and says that she the daughter of my grandmother's only son.
What is the relation between the two
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