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Operating systems (OS) form the backbone of modern computing. Whether you use a smartphone, laptop, smartwatch, ATM machine, industrial robot, or cloud server, an operating system is silently working behind the scenes. It manages hardware, enables software applications to run, and ensures a smooth interaction between users and machines. In today’s digital world, understanding operating systems is essential for IT students, engineers, developers, cybersecurity professionals, and anyone working with computers or smart devices. This comprehensive guide covers everything you need to know about Technical Operating Systems , including definitions, functions, types, components, examples, architecture, advantages, future trends, and more. What is an Operating System? (Simple Definition) An Operating System (OS) is a software program that manages the hardware and software resources of a computer. It acts as an interface between the user and the machine. Simple Definition: 👉 An operati...

COBOL is one of the oldest yet most powerful programming languages ever created. Even after more than 60 years of existence, COBOL still runs a significant portion of global banking, finance, insurance, and government systems. While modern languages like Python and Java dominate new development, COBOL remains the backbone of mission-critical applications. In this comprehensive guide, we will explore everything about COBOL —its history, features, structure, syntax, environment, applications, advantages, limitations, and why it continues to be relevant in 2025. ⭐ What is COBOL?  COBOL stands for Common Business-Oriented Language. It is a high-level programming language developed specially for business data processing . The main goal of COBOL was to create a language that is close to English, making it easier to read, write, and understand. 👉 Simple Definition: COBOL is a programming language used mainly in business, banking, insurance, and administrative systems that deal wit...

The C programming language is one of the most powerful, fast, and foundational languages ever created. Almost all modern programming languages—C++, Java, Python, PHP, JavaScript—are influenced by C in some way. Whether you are preparing for exams, practical's, interviews, or coding competitions, mastering C programs and C language bits is essential. Basics of C Important C programming bits Frequently asked exam programs Logic explanation Output-based bits Coding tricks Memory concepts Practical examples Let’s begin this complete 2025 guide to C Language Programs and Bits. ⭐ Introduction to C Language C is a general-purpose, structured programming language developed by Dennis Ritchie at Bell Labs in 1972. It is known as the mother of all programming languages because: Operating systems (like UNIX, Linux, Windows) are written in C Embedded systems run using C Microcontrollers use C-based compilers System-level programming relies heavily on ...

Modern computer systems run many processes at the same time. Whether it is a desktop operating system, a cloud server, a mobile phone, or an embedded system—multiple processes often need to exchange data, coordinate actions, or share resources. This communication between processes is known as Interprocess Communication (IPC) . IPC is a critical concept in operating systems, networks, distributed computing, cloud systems, and even microservices architecture. Understanding IPC helps programmers design reliable software, prevents race conditions, improves performance, and ensures smooth multi-tasking. ✔ What is IPC? ✔ Why IPC is needed ✔ Types of IPC ✔ IPC mechanisms ✔ Advantages & challenges ✔ Real-world applications ✔ Differences between IPC & RPC ✔ Security issues ✔ Modern IPC in Linux, Windows & Android Let’s begin.   What is Interprocess Communication (IPC)? — Simple Definition Interprocess Communication (IPC) refers to the methods that allow processes...