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This comprehensive guide covers important DNS (Domain Name System) interview questions, basic concepts, server types, DNS zones, resource records, and real-world troubleshooting scenarios. It is useful for system administrators, networking students, and professionals preparing for interviews. ⭐ DNS Interview Questions and Answers 1) What are the different types of DNS servers? Ans: Standard Primary Standard Secondary Active Directory–Integrated Root Server Caching-Only Server Forwarders Master DNS Server 2) What is TTL? Ans: TTL stands for Time To Live , defining how long a DNS record can be cached. 3) What is a PTR record? Ans: A Pointer (PTR) record is used in Reverse Lookup Zones to map an IP address to a hostname. 4) What is the primary purpose of DNS? Ans: DNS is mainly used for hostname-to-IP address resolution . 5) What is SOA (Start of Authority)? Ans: The SOA record stores key information such as the serial number, showing the num...

Cryptography has played a vital role in human communication for thousands of years. From ancient civilizations using secret symbols on clay tablets to modern systems securing billions of daily online transactions, the art of protecting information has continuously evolved. In the digital era—where sensitive data travels across open and insecure networks—cryptography forms the backbone of network security. This article provides a detailed insight into cryptography, its purpose, popular algorithms, implementation methods, modern applications, code-breaking techniques, and countermeasures. It also highlights how encryption safeguards everything from emails to ATM transactions, and how modern cryptographic systems defend against emerging attacks. ⭐ 1. What is Cryptography? Cryptography is the science of converting readable information (plaintext) into an unreadable form (ciphertext) using mathematical algorithms and secret keys. Only users possessing the correct key can reverse this t...

The world of web development has evolved rapidly, shifting from static pages to dynamic, database-driven web applications. As businesses demand scalable, flexible, and cost-effective solutions, developers have increasingly turned toward open-source technologies that offer power without high licensing fees. One of the most successful and widely adopted combinations of open-source tools is the LAMP stack —a foundational framework for building robust web applications. LAMP stands for Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP (or Perl/Python) . Together, these components form a powerful development platform that supports millions of websites, e-commerce portals, and high-traffic web applications. The LAMP model has become a cornerstone of modern web architecture due to its reliability, scalability, low cost, and strong community support. This article provides a detailed overview of each technology in the LAMP stack, explains how they work together, and outlines their advantages, limitations, and pr...